思考的艺术+2

内容简介

现在，几乎每个教育协会都在呼吁要更加重视批判思维。教育家、政治家、社会学家以及各个领域的学者都明白，言语和影像的诉求在不断地轰炸我们，试图说服我们去相信、去行动、去购买或者去参与。我们都需要批判思维的技能和策略，这样才能理解和分析那些诉求。

本书既可以给正式的批判思维课程作为教材，也可以给各个强调批判思维的学科作为教学补充材料。本书已被地用于作文、公开演讲、创造和批判思维等课程，以及商科、人文学科、社会科学和自然科学等众多学科。

目录

PART I Be Aware CHAPTER 1 Developing Your Thi: An Overview 3 What Is Thi? 4 The importance of Thi 6 Brain and Mind at Work 8 The Production Phase 9 The Judgment Phase 10 Good Thi Is a Habit 10 The Structure of This Book 11 Getting the Most from Your Efforts 12 Using Feelings to Advantage 14 Learning to Concentrate 15 Coping with Frustration 16 M Discussion Meaningful 16 Whenever Pole, Prepare in Advance 17 Set Reasonable Expectations 17 Leave Egotism and Personal Agendas at the Door 18 Contribute but Don’t Dominate 18 Avoid Distracting Speech Mannerisms 18 Listen Actively 19 Contents Thi is an art, with its own purposes, standards, principles, rules, strategies, and precautions. And it is an art well worth learning, for every important thing we do is affected by our habits of mind. 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 13 2020-6-8 16:13:44 XIV The Art of Thi Judge Ideas Responly 19 Resist the Urge to Shout or Interrupt 20 Preliminary Thi Strategies 20 Sample Exercises and Responses 23 Warm-Up Exercises 25 Applications 26 CHAPTER 2 Elish a Foundation 31 Free Will Versus Determinism 32 What Is Truth? 33 What Is Knowing? 36 Ways of Knowing 37 Experience 38 Observation 39 Report 39 The Problem of Remembering 41 What Are Opinions? 43 expressions of Taste 43 expressions of Judgment 43 Understanding Cause and Effect 44 Debating Moral Questions 51 The Basis of Moral Judgment 53 Dealing with Dilemmas 57 A Special Thi Strategy 58 Warm-Up Exercises 60 Applications 60 CHAPTER 3 Broaden Your Perspective 66 Becoming an Individual 69 Habits that Hinder Thi 72 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 14 2020-6-8 16:13:44 Contents XV The Mine-Is-Better Habit 72 Face Saving 73 Resistance to Change 75 Conformity 77 Stereotyping 79 Self-Deception 80 Overcoming Bad Habits 82 Warm-Up Exercises 84 Applications 84 CHAPTER 4 Be a Critical Reader, Listener, and Viewer 88 Critical evaluation Defined 89 M important Distinctions 91 The Distinction between the Person and the Idea 91 The Distinction between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgment 92 The Distinction between Fact and Interpretation 92 The Distinction between Literal and Ironic Statements 94 The Distinction between an Idea’s Validity and the Quality of Its expression 94 The Distinction between Language and Reality 95 A Strategy for Critical Reading 97 Step 1: Skim the Work 97 Step 2: Reflect on Your Views 98 Step 3: Read the Work 98 Step 4: evaluate What You Read 99 Step 5: Express Your Judgment 102 A Sample evaluation and Judgment 103 A Strategy for Critical Listening 106 Step 1: Set Aside Preconceptions 107 Step 2: Focus on the Message 107 Step 3: Identify Key Assertions and Supporting Information 108 Steps 4 and 5: evaluate the Message and Express Your Judgment 108 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 15 2020-6-8 16:13:44 XVI The Art of Thi A Strategy for Critical Viewing 108 How Critical Analysis Relates to Writing 111 Warm-Up Exercises 111 Applications 112 PART II Be Creative CHAPTER 5 The Creative Process 125 Key Factout Creativity 126 “Doing Your Own Thing” Is Not Necessarily a Mark of Creativity 127 Creativity Does Not Require Special Intellectual Talent or a High IQ 127 The Use of Drugs Hinders Creativity 127 Creativity Is an expression of Mental Health 128 Characteristics of Creative People 129 Creative People Are Dynamic 129 Creative People Are Daring 130 Creative People Are Resourceful 130 Creative People Are Hardwo 131 Creative People Are Independent 131 Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues 132 T a Novel Approach 133 Devising or Modifying a Process or System 134 Inventing a New Product or Service 134 Finding New Uses for Existing Things 135 Improving Things 136 Inventing or Redefining a Concept 136 Stages in the Creative Process 137 The First Stage: Searching for Challenges 138 The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue 138 The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue 139 The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas 139 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 16 2020-6-8 16:13:44 Contents XVII Warm-Up Exercises 140 Applications 141 CHAPTER 6 Search for Challenges 144 The importance of Curiosity 145 How Curiosity Is Lost 146 Regaining Your Curiosity 147 Six Helpful Techniques 148 Be Observant 149 Look for the Imperfections in Things 151 Note Your Own and Others’ Dissatisfactions 152 Search for Causes 152 Be Sensitive to Implications 153 Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy 155 Warm-Up Exercises 156 Applications 156 CHAPTER 7 Express the Problem or Issue 161 Distinguishing Problems from Issues 162 Expressing Problems 163 Expressing Issues 164 When Problems Become Issues 165 Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues 166 Benefits of Careful expression 167 It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual 167 It Keeps Your Thi Flexible 167 It Opens Many Lines of Thought 168 A Sample Problem 170 A Sample Issue 171 Warm-Up Exercises 173 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 17 2020-6-8 16:13:44 XVIII The Art of Thi Applications 173 CHAPTER 8 Investigate the Problem or Issue 176 What to Look for 178 Eyewitness Testimony 178 Unpublished Report 179 Published Report 179 Expert Opinion 180 Experiment 180 Statistics 181 Survey 182 Observational Study 182 Research Review 183 Your Personal Experience 183 The Experiences of People You Know 185 Using the Library 186 Using the Inter 188 Maintaining a Questioning Perspective 191 Managing an Interview 192 Avoiding Plagiarism 194 Conducting Your Own Research 200 Consider Doing a Survey 200 Consider Doing an Observational Study 200 Keeping Creativity Alive 200 Warm-Up Exercises 201 Applications 202 CHAPTER 9 Produce Ideas 207 Stimulating Your Imagination 209 Force Uncommon Responses 209 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 18 2020-6-8 16:13:44 Contents XIX Use Free Association 210 Use Analogy 210 Look for Unusual Combinations 211 Visualize the Solution 212 Construct Pro and Con Arguments 212 Construct Relevant Scenarios 213 Aiming for Originality 215 Withholding Judgment 215 Overcoming Obstacles 216 Thinker’s Block 217 Vagueness and Confusion 218 Inflexibility 218 How Insight Occurs 219 A Sample Problem 220 A Sample Issue 223 Warm-Up Exercises 226 Applications 226 PART III Be Critical CHAPTER 10 The Role of Criticism 231 Why Criticism Is Necessary 232 Focus on Your Ideas 233 Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thi 233 Applying Curiosity 234 Avoiding Assumptions 235 Refining Your Solutions to Problems 236 A Sample Problem 237 Refining Your Positions on Issues 239 A Sample Issue 240 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 19 2020-6-8 16:13:44 XX The Art of Thi T Action on the Issue 241 Warm-Up Exercises 242 Applications 243 CHAPTER 11 Refine Your Solution to the Problem 246 Three Steps in Refining 247 Step 1: Wo Out the Details 247 Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications 249 Step 3: M Improvements 251 Two Sample Problems 252 The First Problem 252 The Second Problem 255 Warm-Up Exercises 257 Applications 258 CHAPTER 12 evaluate Your Argument on the Issue 261 Errors Affecting Truth 262 Either/or Thi 262 Avoiding the Issue 263 Overgeneralizing 263 Oversimplifying 265 Double Standard 265 Shifting the Burden of Proof 266 Irrational Appeal 266 Errors Affecting Validity 267 A Special Problem: The Hen Premise 270 Recognizing Complex Arguments 272 Steps in evaluating an Argument 273 The Case of Parents Protesting TV Programs 274 The Case of the Mentally Impaired Girls 276 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 20 2020-6-8 16:13:45 Contents XXI Warm-Up Exercises 277 Applications 278 CHAPTER 13 Refine Your Resolution of the Issue 284 Step 1: Deciding What Action Should Be Taken 285 Step 2: Recognizing and Overcoming Difficulties 286 Should Children Pledge Allegiance? 287 Should the Miranda Rule Be Abolished? 289 Warm-Up Exercises 290 Applications 291 PART IV Communicate Your Ideas CHAPTER 14 Persuading Others 297 Understanding Why People Reject Ideas 299 Knowing Your Audience 300 Anticipating Your Audience’jections 302 The Brainstorming Technique 303 The Imaginary-Dialogue Technique 303 Presenting Your Ideas to Advantage 306 Respect Your Audience 306 Begin with the Familiar 307 Select the Most Appropriate Tone 308 Emphasize the Evidence for Your View 308 Answer All Significant Objections 309 The importance of Timing 309 Warm-Up Exercises 310 Applications 311 思考的艺术 三校 wq.i 21 2020-6-8 16:13:45 XXII The Art of Thi CHAPTER 15 Writing and Spe Effectively 314 Characteristics of Effective Writing 315 A Step-by-Step Approach to Composition 317 Planning 317 Drafting 319 Revising 320 Editing 320 Developing a Readable Style 321 A Sample Composition 323 The Challenge of Effective Spe 326 Types of Speeches 326 Organizing Your Material 327 Sample Outline and Speech 328 Practicing the Delivery 332 Warm-Up Exercises 333 Applications 334 Solutions to Sample Problems 339 The Three Glasses Problem 339 The Young Girl/Old Woman Problem 339 The Vase and Faces Problem 340 Notes 341 Credits 351 Index 355